Carl Rogers Founder of the Humanistic Approach to Psychology

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)  is considered one of the most influential psychologists of the 20th century. He is best known for developing the psychotherapy method called client-centered therapy and as one of the founders of humanistic psychology. Fast Facts: Carl Rogers Full Name: Carl Ransom RogersKnown For: Developing client-centered therapy and helping to found humanistic psychologyBorn: January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, IllinoisDied: February 4, 1987 in La Jolla, CaliforniaParents: Walter Rogers, a civil engineer, and Julia Cushing, a homemakerEducation: M.A. and Ph.D., Columbia University Teachers CollegeKey Accomplishments: President of American Psychological Association in 1946; Nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1987 Early Life Carl Rogers was born in 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. He was the fourth of six children and grew up in a deeply religious household. He went to college at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he planned to study agriculture. However, he soon changed his focus to history and religion. After earning his bachelor’s degree in history in 1924, Rogers entered the Union Theological Seminary in New York City with plans to become a minister. It was there that his interests shifted to psychology. He left the seminary after two years to attend Columbia University’s Teachers College, where he studied clinical psychology, completing his M.A. in 1928 and Ph.D. in 1931. Psychological Career While he was still earning his Ph.D. in 1930, Rogers became the director of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in Rochester, New York. He then spent several years in academia. He lectured at the University of Rochester from 1935 to 1940 and became a professor of clinical psychology at Ohio State University in 1940. In 1945 he moved to the University of Chicago as a professor of psychology  and then to his undergraduate alma mater, the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1957. Throughout this time he was developing his psychological perspective and formulating his approach to therapy, which he initially dubbed â€Å"nondirective therapy,† but is better known today as client-centered or person-centered therapy. In 1942 he wrote the book Counseling and Psychotherapy, where he proposed that therapists should seek to understand and accept their clients, because it is through such nonjudgmental acceptance that clients can begin to change and improve their well-being. While he was at the University of Chicago, Rogers established a counseling center to study his therapy methods. He published the results of that research in the books Client-Centered Therapy in 1951 and Psychotherapy and Personality Change in 1954. It was during this time that his ideas started gaining influence in the field. Then, in 1961 while he was at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, he wrote one of his most well-known works, On Becoming a Person. 1966: Psychiatrist Carl Rogers (2R) leading a panel discussing mental health issues. The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images / Getty Images In 1963, Rogers left academia to join the Western Behavioral Sciences Institute in La Jolla, California. A few years later, in 1968, he and some other staff members from the Institute opened the Center for Studies of the Person, where Rogers remained until his death in 1987. Just weeks after his 85th birthday and shortly after he died, Rogers was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Important Theories When Rogers started working as a psychologist, psychoanalysis and behaviorism were the reigning theories in the field. While psychoanalysis and behaviorism were different in many ways, one thing the two perspectives had in common was their emphasis on a human’s lack of control over their motivations. Psychoanalysis attributed behavior to unconscious drives, while behaviorism pointed to biological drives and environmental reinforcement as the motivations for behavior. Starting in the 1950s, psychologists, including Rogers, responded to this view of human behavior with the humanistic approach to psychology, which offered a less pessimistic perspective. Humanists championed the idea that people are motivated by higher-order needs. Specifically, they argued that the overarching human motivation is to actualize the self. Rogers’ ideas exemplified the humanists’ perspective and remain influential today.  The following are some of his most important theories. Self-Actualization Like his fellow humanist Abraham Maslow, Rogers believed humans are primarily driven by the motivation to self-actualize, or achieve their full potential.  However, people are constrained by their environments so they will only be able to self-actualize if their environment supports them. Unconditional Positive Regard Unconditional positive regard is offered in a social situation when an individual is supported and not judged regardless of what the individual does or says. In client-centered therapy, the therapist must offer the client unconditional positive regard.   Rogers distinguished between unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard. People who are offered unconditional positive regard are accepted no matter what, instilling the person with the confidence needed to experiment with what life has to offer and make mistakes. Meanwhile, if only conditional positive regard is offered, the individual will only receive approval and love if they behave in ways that meet a social partners approval.   People who experience unconditional positive regard, especially from their parents while they are growing up, are more likely to self-actualize. Congruence Rogers said that people have a concept of their ideal self and they want to feel and act in ways that are consistent with this ideal. However, the ideal self often doesn’t match with the person’s image of who they are, which causes a state of incongruence. While everyone experiences a certain degree of incongruence, if the ideal self and the self-image have a large degree of overlap, the individual will come closer to achieving a state of congruence. Rogers explained that the path to congruence is unconditional positive regard and the pursuit of self-actualization. The Fully Functioning Person Rogers called an individual who achieves self-actualization a fully functioning person. According to Rogers, fully functioning people exhibit seven traits: Openness to experienceLiving in the momentTrust in one’s feelings and instinctsSelf-direction and the ability to make independent choicesCreativity and malleabilityReliabilityFeeling fulfilled and satisfied by life Fully functioning people are congruent and have received unconditional positive regard. In many ways, full functioning is an ideal that can’t be completely achieved, but those who come close are always growing and changing as they strive to self-actualize. Personality Development Rogers also developed a personality theory. He referred to who an individual really is as the self or self-concept and identified three components of the self-concept: Self-image or how individuals see themselves. One’s ideas about self-image can be positive or negative and impact what they experience and how they act.Self-worth or the value individuals place on themselves. Rogers felt self-worth was forged in childhood through individuals’ interactions with their parents.Ideal Self or the person an individual wants to be. The ideal self changes as we grow and our priorities change. Legacy Rogers remains one of the most influential figures in psychology today. A study found that since his death in 1987, publications on his client-centered approach have increased and research has confirmed the importance of many of his ideas, including unconditional positive regard. Rogers ideas about acceptance and support have also become the cornerstone of many helping professions, including social work, education, and child care. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Carl Rogers Psychologist Biography.† Verywell Mind, 14 November 2018. https://www.verywellmind.com/carl-rogers-biography-1902-1987-2795542GoodTherapy. â€Å"Carl Rogers (1902-1987).† 6 July 2015. https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/carl-rogers.htmlKirschenbaum, H. and April Jourdan. â€Å"The Current Status of Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach.† Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, vol. 42, no. 1, 2005, pp.37-51, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.42.1.37McAdams, Dan. The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5th ed., Wiley, 2008.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Carl Rogers.† Simply Psychology, 5 February 2014. https://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.htmlO’Hara, Maureen. â€Å"About Carl Rogers.† Carl R. Rogers.org, 2015. http://carlrrogers.org/aboutCarlRogers.htmlThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Carl Rogers: American Psychologist.† Encyclo paedia Britannica, 31 January 2019. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Carl-Rogers

David Hume and Future Occurrences Essay - 739 Words

David Hume, in An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding, discusses how we cannot predict the future. Even though our experiences and our reasoning tell us that objects act in a predictable way, we still cannot prove how objects will act in the future based upon previous interactions. After biting into a piece of pizza we expect an enjoyable taste. This enjoyable taste is expected because our past experiences have proven this to us. Even though we think we can predict that the pizza will act the same as our previous experiences, it may just blow up upon biting. Hume explains that there is no way to predict the future based on our previous experiences and reasoning and I will explain the logic he uses to prove this. To start, Hume makes†¦show more content†¦An example of a matter of fact is that my name is Josh Peete. I could have been named something else like John Doe and I still would be the same object. â€Å"The contrary of every matter of fact is still possible, because it can never imply a contradiction and is conceived by the mind with the same facility and distinctness, as if ever so conformable to reality.†(500) So the opposite of a matter of fact can be true. The piece of pizza that I bite into could explode in my face even though I had never experienced that before. Matters of fact, or knowledge learned through experience, cannot prove how objects function. People believe in matters of fact because they have some other reason for doing so. â€Å"All reasoning concerning matter of fact seems to be founded on the relation of cause and effect. By means of that relation alone we can go beyond the evidence of our memory and senses.†(500) I have a firecracker and a lighter. The cause for the firecracker to explode would be me lighting the fuse. The effect of me lighting the fuse would be that the firecracker explodes. These claims are called causal claims and they explain the cause and effect relationships of objects. Hume uses the example of someone on a desert island who finds a watch. The person on the island concludes that the effect of a watch being on the island is a cause of a human once inhabiting it. His reasoning though may beShow MoreRelatedEssay about David Hume and Future Occurrences1116 Words   |  5 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hume asked, quot;what reason do we have in thinking the future will resemble the past?quot; It is reasonable to think that it will because there is no contradiction in supposing the future wont resemble the past. But it is also true that is possible for the world to change dramatically and our previous experience would be completely useless in judging future experience. We want to say that past experiences have been a good predictor. We are compelled to do so andRead MoreDavid Hume s Bundle 1041 Words   |  5 PagesB. Introduction to David Hume’s ‘bundle’ (written as a reply to Descartes) The silhouette of a subject was drawn by a council of moments and David Hume named it an illusion, humanity named it the self. In the modern ages of philosophy while Rene Descartes’ affect still remains eminent, David Hume comes with an argument which kills the I Descartes created and lets it fly as a ghost in human perception. Not only in the case of the subject, the contrast between Hume’s and Descartes’ ideas can be seenRead MoreHume – Concerning Human Understanding.David Hume’S Epistemological1123 Words   |  5 PagesHume – Concerning Human Understanding David Hume’s epistemological argument revolves around an empiricist school of thought, where sense impressions and experience are the foundations of human knowledge and understanding. Hume’s concept of human reason or enquiry is divided into two types, relation of ideas, which are propositions that are intuitively certain, and matters of fact, which depend on existents for their evidence (Hume 1993: 15). This paper will outline Hume’s argument against conclusionsRead MoreHume and Knowledge Creation766 Words   |  3 PagesHume and knowledge creation The dominant work by Hume was his A Treatise of Human Nature, in this work he attempted to construct a science of man that contrasted with the ideas of Descartes and other enlightenment thinkers. The pillar of Humes divergence was anchoring knowledge in empiricism rather than rationality. Hume argued that desire instead of rationality was the foundation of human nature. This essential departure from his peers is important to understanding the work of Hume. In thisRead MoreThe Dawn Of The Enlightenment By David Hume1740 Words   |  7 Pageshumanity was developed. Prolific Scottish philosopher David Hume, best known for his radical use of skepticism to examine every possible concept in the vast index of Enlightenment values, emerged as a revolutionary departure from the traditional French and English Enlightenment thinkers. Hume was known for applying a brand of skepticism in his consideration of concepts such as reason, human sympathy, and the authority of traditional ideas. While David Hume’s extreme skepticism challenges preconceivedRead MoreFrom the Observed to the Unobserved: David Hume 699 Words   |  3 PagesFrom the observed to the unobserved: David Hume The Problem of Induction. According to Hume, this style of reasoning is logically valid. Logically valid inferences state that if the premises are true then the conclusions must be true. Or better yet, if you accept the premises, you must accept the conclusions. There is no way for the premises to be true and the conclusions to be false. However, this is not really the case because using a priori reasoning does not prove inductive inferences is logicallyRead MoreDefending Hard Determinism Against the Strongest Objections Raised Against It1161 Words   |  5 Pagesand defined description of both hard determinism and its eventual nemesis indeterminism. Based on these definitions there will be a personal attempt at denying hard determinism. This will be accomplished through the introduction of David Hume and his radical philosophy on causality and the relation this may have on hard determinism, as well as the various possibilities it may distinguish. Furthermore the Causal Principle will also be introduced and slandered in its incapabilityRead MoreThe Existence Of Miracles By David Hume1350 Words   |  6 Pageslikelihood of miracles themselves such as Hume, others focus on the existence of God such as Flew and Beck, and others focus on a particular example of a miracle such as Craig. Against Miracles: David Hume David Hume argues against miracles and states that they are improbable because most are reported by those who deceive others, the sensation of wonder that overrides the sense of reasoning, or because they are inapplicable to our scientific culture today. Hume addresses that in essentially all casesRead MoreDavid Hume s Theory Of Free Will1559 Words   |  7 PagesAre you choosing to read this essay? Or are you just constrained by the laws of nature? David Hume describes The Problem of Free Will as ‘the most contentious question of metaphysics’. Initial exploration into this school of thought gave rise to several philosophical viewpoints supported by modern thinkers. Hard determinism bases its viewpoint on the strict theory of causality, rejecting the idea of free will. On the contrary, Libertarianism opposes this, supporting the concept of free will and denyingRead MoreAnalysis Of John Locke, George Berkeley And David Hume1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking assuming th at all human knowledge arises originally from sense-experiences. John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume are most notably known for the branch of empirical philosophy. Philosopher David Hume discusses what he believes are â€Å"bundles of perception.† He argues that we can never experience the objective world and alternatively only observe patterns. According to Hume, there are two methods used to detect these patterns, unit and continuity and causality. Casualty is defined as a relationship

Analysis Of The Movie Across Five Aprils - 1218 Words

The Civil War devastated families all across the United States. Hundreds of thousands of people died and for many years after, the nation was still divided and trying to figure out how to move forward. Irene Hunt learned of stories of the Civil War from her grandfather who served in the Civil War. Hunt’s book, Across Five Aprils, relates to her childhood because this novel is nothing but a story of the war from one family. This book hit home hard and revealed concepts of realism by examining the effects the war had on everyday life. Irene Hunt didn’t use Naturalism in Across Five Aprils. Instead she used realism. She took real events that happened and focused on the effect that it had on everyday life. â€Å"In the late summer shortly after Tom and Eb left, there was news of another defeat for the North; it was closer to home this timeat Wilson’s Creek in Missouri. There were boys from Illinois at Wilson’s Creek, and the war for many people in Jasper County had suddenly become a sorrowful reality. It was at Wilson’s Creek that the Union commander, Nathaniel Lyon, was killed; and it was here, people said, that hundreds of boys died because of General Frà ©mont’s refusal to send reinforcements to Lyon.† (45) Hunt connected the actual event of the battle of Gettysburg. Hunt also used newspaper articles to let her characters know how the war was going and who was winning at certain times. Many people during the Civil War used newspapers to see how and what the war was like. There wereShow MoreRelated12 Angry Men1722 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Management 701 February 26, 2015 When this movie was made, no one could have depicted that it would greatly speak of the ever changing dynamics of our world today. 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I will also describe some of the cinematography and how it made the movie stand out. Quentin Tarantino’s movies have a very different, unique feel than the perceived â€Å"normal† movie. â€Å"Kill Bill Vol. 1† is very intriguing. He borrows ideas and styles from his many influences which, in the end,Read MoreTheme Park Industry on the Gold Coast2260 Words   |  10 Pagesmacro-environment and the industry environment. The macro-environment includes the general factors that affect growth of an industry, whereas an analysis of the industry environment determines the profitability of an industry. An analysis of the Gold Coast theme park industry environment will determine the industry’s profitability by analysing the strength of the following five forces; the threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, power of substitutes, and the intensityRead MoreTarget Market And Market Segmentation1506 Words   |  7 Pagesmagazine also said that millennials â€Å"seek to find better ways of doing things† (Philippine Primer, 2016). Moreover, millennialmarketing.com found 56% of this generation is open to new technology and 75% desire to travel aboard. Famously referencing the movie and novel, â€Å"Eat, Pray, Love†; millennials in the Philippines are â€Å"willing to encounter new discoveries and with the affluence of the Philippine economy have given birth to a segment of young people who can afford an experimental lifestyle† and â€Å"malls

Observing Adolescents Through Adolescent Males And Females

OBSERVING ADOLESCENTS IN THIER NATURAL HABITAIT †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨EMINA SEHOVIC Do you remember adolescence ? The awkwardness, the pimples, the first crush, the first kiss? Wasn’t it the best? Don’t you wish you could go back? I don’t. Like most people I hated adolescence it was a strange and confusing time. Looking back at my adolescents I sometimes wonder why I acted the way I did. During this observation I couldn’t help but think â€Å" I really hope I wasn t this bad back then,† but lets face it I probably was. Introduction My group observed adolescents, we were looking for variations in behavior between males and females. We theorized that in public places adolescent males and females would act differently according to the environment they were in. We also predicted that their behavior would be influenced by who they were around, peers or parents. O Koon, J. (1997), did a study looking at adolescents relationships to parents and peers. 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One such study in Colorado correlated risk behaviors among high school students with the health education provided to them. This study wasconducted in order to assess how information and risk factors affect the possibility of contracting HI V or another STI. The study was conducted across female and male genders and included a varietyRead MoreA Research Study On Eating Disorders Essay1251 Words   |  6 Pagesand psychological indispositions in both female and male adolescents. This health issue can be precipitated by a cognitive disruption in their perception of their body image. Cognitive behavioural therapy is a particular type of treatment used by the individual s therapist, to try and alter their continuous thought pattern and help to reduce the unhealthy actions and emotions that are a consequence of any type of eating disorder. 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In this period they experience stages such as a Reflexive stage from zero to two months. This is where they perform simple reflex activity such as grasping, and sucking. Between the ages of two and seven, their brains will go through The Preoperational Period.

Other Forms Of Social Control Free Essays

All societies impose social control on their citizens to some degree. This type of control allows them to monitor and regulate behavior formally and informally. Key’s to understanding a culture’s system of social control is having a better understanding of the social norms. We will write a custom essay sample on Other Forms Of Social Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now In large scale society they maintain social control within the legal institutions. There are also two other major controls that exist that many are unaware of. Religion is known to have control over the population, the public and the behavior of all. Whenever a person claims to be a dedicated Christian they must follow certain types of moral codes in order to uphold the personality in the public. Television is another form of social control. This control was noted that television was blocking mostly those individuals from enjoying the life on the outside of their doors. Social control is even in our households. A person wants their household a certain type of way has somewhat of a social control. I am under the impression that when a child is growing up they are taught wrong from right, what is good and what is bad. This however is only to prepare them for the real world. The subconscious mind is an outstanding and powerful information processor that can record and replay events that happened in the past. However many individuals become aware of their own subconscious mind when they realize they’re engaged in an undesirable behavior only as a result of someone who has pushed the wrong buttons. How to cite Other Forms Of Social Control, Papers

Hydrolysis of esters free essay sample

Anhydrous alkanoic acids react with alcohols in the presence of heated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to form an ester and water. This process is known as esterification. This can be represented by the equation: Alkanoic acid + Alcohol (means reversible eq) ester + water Esters occur naturally in fruits and flowers and are described as oily, sweet smelling liquids. Vegetable oils and animal fats are esters of long-chain acids. Esters can undergo a range of reactions and this experiment focuses on one: the Hydrolysis reactions of esters. Hydrolysis is the process whereby a substance is broken down by reacting it with water. Esters are hydrolysed by acid hydrolysis or alkaline hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis involves boiling the ester with dilute aqueous acid (H2SO4 or HCl) while the latter involves boiling the ester with an aqueous alkali (KOH or NaOH). The products of acid hydrolysis are an alcohol and carboxylic acid. Alkaline hydrolysis yields a salt (called the salt of the acid) and the alcohol that formed the ester. We will write a custom essay sample on Hydrolysis of esters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both types of hydrolysis were performed in this experiment. First, the ester (ethyl ethanoate) was added to dilute HCl and boiled (acid hydrolysis). The pungent smell which was first observed indicated that the carboxylic acid was formed. This acid was ethanoic acid. The second smell, a sweet smell, marked the presence of the second product, the alcohol. The alcohol formed was ethanol. This reaction is represented by the following equation: CH3COOCH2CH3 (l) + 2HCl (aq) ? CH3COOCH (aq? ) + CH2CH3OH (aq? ) During the alkaline hydrolysis of esters, the first sweet smell indicated the presence of the alcohol ethanol. A pungent smell then indicated that ethanoic acid was formed. However, due to the presence of excess sodium hydroxide, this acid was neutralized to form a salt (the salt of the acid). The salt formed was sodium ethanoate. The reaction is represented by this equation: CH3COOCH2CH3 (L) + NaOH (aq) ? CH3COONa (aq) + CH3CH2OH (aq) Alkaline hydrolysis is also known as saponification, and this is the process whereby soap is made. POSSIBLE ERRORS : Measuring the amount of materials to be used incorrectly Not heating the solution sufficiently Using expired or contaminated materials

Tiotropium Versus Salmeterol For Prevention -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Tiotropium Versus Salmeterol For Prevention? Answer: Introducation Bronchitis on the other hand is developed due to the inflammation of the bronchial tubes accompanied by the over secretion of mucus. The over secretion of mucus eventually leads to blocking of the airways and contribute to difficult air passage during the process of respiration. It has to be understood that smoking is a very important contributing factor that has a profound role in the pathophysiologic development of this respiratory disorder. For the case study, Robert, the patient under consideration had been a chain-smoker for 40 years, smoking can be considered as the origin of the disease he had developed. According to the case study, Robert had been diagnosed with COPD 18 months ago and had been feeling unwell for months befire that as well. Hence, it can be concluded that the onset of manifestations brnchitics and emphysema had begun since a long time. The added burden of smoking excessively had contributed effectively to further deteriorating the disease, along with the age f actor of the patient in the case study. COPD pathway (Vogelmeier et al., 2011) impact of age on COPD (Erb-Downward et al., 2011) Exacerbation of the COPD: An exacerbation can be defined as the sudden worsening or deterioration of the conditions that the patient is going through. In case of COPD, exacerbation can be due to many factors; however the most common contributor is bacterial infection. It generally comprises of sudden acute shortness of breath and altered quantity and consistency of the phlegm. In case of COPD, an exacerbation event can last up-to several days and can effectively complicate the health condition of the patient. In case of an exacerbation of COPD, the airways of the patient go through enhanced inflammation, and coupled with increased mucous production, the gas exchange is impaired effectively (Vogelmeier et al., 2011). There can be many contributing factors that lead to an exacerbation event, along with bacterial, infection, environmental pollution is also another reason for the sudden worsening. With respect to the case study, for Robert, the most important risk factor that might have had a profound role in the development of the exacerbation of the disease is infection. Infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae often leads to further blockage of the airways which contributes to impaired gas exchange and leads to dyspnea. According to the case study, Robert had been a smoker for 40 years and continues to smoke in the present. Hence, the second risk factor for Robert that might have led to exacerbation is smoking (Erb-Downward et al., 2011). It has to be understood that allergens, especially smoke, can irritate the inflamed airways and air sacs resulting in further inflammation. Hence these are the two risk factors behind the exacerbation of COPD experienced by Robert in the case study. Pathophysiology of pneumonia: Pneumonia can be described as the infectious disease facilitates the inflammation of the air sacs and results in overproduction of phlegm. The infection can have either bacterial or viral Origin. During aspiration process the bacterial pathogen enters the body through the airways and colonize the lung parenchyma. On a more elaborative note, it has to be mentioned that the infection mechanism is facilitated by the invasion of the lung parenchyma. The overgrowth of the bacteria in the lung parenchyma provokes the overproduction of intra-alveolar exudates like mucous. It has to be mentioned in this context that the pneumonia infection manifests further as soon as the pathogen reaches the alveoli, the host defences at this point are usually overwhelmed by either the virulence or the inoculum size of the pathogen, and the infection spreads (Musher Thorner, 2014). The community acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be considered as the most commonly reported type and the mechanism of the infection in case of the community acquired pneumonia differs from the other types significantly. The community acquired pneumonia is fundamentally unique from any other type of pneumonia by the fact that it is not associated with the health care facility at all. In case of CAP, the causing organism can be over 100 different types. The most common types of infectious agents in case of the community acquired pneumonia, are bacteria, virus, fungi and even allergens. However, in case of hospital acquired pneumonia is often more severe as it is acquired by the patient during hospice stay, and the causing agent is often antibiotic resistant strains. The patients on ventilators and intensive care units are at the most risk of this type of pneumonia. In case of the health care associated pneumonia the point of acquiring the infection is due to a long term stay in any communit y care setting or any outpatient clinics (Johansson, Kalin, Tiveljung-Lindell, Giske Hedlund, 2010). Pharmacology of the medications administered: It is a selective Beta 2 adrenergic receptor stimulating drug, and the most important function of this medication in case of COPD is of bronchodilation. It has to be mentioned that the stimulation by salbutamol activates the adenyl cyclase which is then transformed into cyclic AMP. The increased concentration of cyclic AMP then in turn relaxes the bronchial smooth muscles and reduces the airway resistance by relaxing the bronchial tubes from trachea to terminal bronchioles (Albert et al., 2011). The contraindications for salbutamol include any patient with a history of hypersensitivity reaction along with any patient with fast history of cardiac tachyarrhythmias. Hence if Robert has had any history of hypersensitivity, Salbutamol will be contraindicated for him. Also salbutamol is a well tolerated drug. yet side effects may occur due to any dosage or administration route error. With respect to this case study, the nursing professional should also be careful if Robert exhibits any signs of tremors special in the hands or any preparation of tachycardia, which is the most frequently reported side effects of salbutamol (Bischoff et al., 2011). Budesonide/efomoterol fumarate dehydrate (symbicort): This medication is a combination of a long acting Beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonist and an inhaled corticosteroid. This medication is considered to be a maintenance therapy for the COPD patients. The inhaled corticosteroid or budesonide, has anti-inflammatory properties which help to reduce the inflammation of the bronchial airways and facilities better air passage. And formoterol is the long acting beta agonist bronchodilator which relaxes the muscles and prevents any bronchospasm, hence it will help relaxing respiratory muscles of Robert and wil evade any chances of him going through bronchospasm (Agusti, 2014). There are two major contraindications of this medication, with any acute episodes of COPD where intensive measures are required this medication cannot be administered. In case of Robert, any hypersensitivity reaction to the components of this medication will be harmful as well if taking this medication. Adverse reactions to this medication include allergic reaction, adrenal insufficiency and even an increased risk of infection such as pneumonia. There are 2 nursing considerations for this medication when administering to Robert, risk for infection and hypersensitivity. Patient education includes explaining to Robert to never use budesonide or formoterol in case of acute bronchospasm. In case of exceeding wheezing, Robert should be instructed to seek out immediate medical attention due to the possibility of acute asthmatic attack (Agusti, 2014). Tiotropium: Tiotropium is another bronchial muscle relaxant which is used to prevent any wheezing or shortness of breath. This medication is an anticholinergic and it relaxes the muscles around the bronchi and will facilitate smoother air passage in case of Robert. The contraindication for this medication includes any hypersensitivity to anticholinergics. Along with that renal diseases in glaucoma also contraindicated against the administration of this medication (Wise et al., 2013). The adverse effects of this medication are constipation, nausea, muscular pain, and nosebleed. Robert will need to be educated about the possible side effects of this medication all diseases are the most plausible adverse reaction to this medicine. The nursing considerations include the fact that this medicine should only be taken to prevent bronchospasm for an ongoing broncos ransom attack this medication should not be taken (Wise et al., 2013). The main contributing factor behind the doctor changing Roberts medicine chart by replacing the symbicort with tritopium can be the fact that symbicort can only be used in regular cases of COPD, it has no noticeable effect on exception of subdivision patient had been going through. Along with that, the major side effects of symbicort is pneumonia, and as the patient has already been suffering with community-acquired pneumonia continuing symbicort can be very harmful for the patient. Hence, the doctor replaced Symbicort with Tiotropium, which is a more targeted and fast action relieving medicine mainly used for treating bronchospasm attacks and exacerbations that Robert has been having (Wise et al., 2013). Amoxicillin: Amoxicillin is a penicillin type antibiotic that is used to treat many bacterial infections including pneumonia by Streptococcus pneumonia, and it can be used to treat Robert. It is usually administered orally every 8 to 12 hours and dosage is dependent on the severity of the infection. The contraindications include any allergies to penicillin type antibiotics and any renal disease which can be aggravated due to administration of this medicine. As Robert had no past history of renal diseases mentioned, this antibiotic can be easily used for Robert. Adverse effects that Robert might encounter include nausea,vomiting, and diarrhea. Nursing considerations include patients with mononucleosis not been given this medication along with patients with any hepatic impairment. Care should also be taken to ensure that phenylalanine is present in the oral chewable tablets and suspensions given to Robert. Patient education includes teaching Robert to chew or crush the chewable tablets rather than swallowing it and to notify the carer in case of any aggravation or bloody urine (Torres et al., 2015). Ceftriaxone: This is another cephalosporone type medication that is used to treat this infection, and is a very common treatment option for pneumococcal infections for elderly patients like Robert. The contraindications include hypersensitivity and the risk of calcium ceftriaxone interaction, which is needed to be assessed before administering to Robert. The adverse effects that Robert can have include bronchospasm, diarrhea, and nausea. Nursing considerations include checking for any allergies reaction of shortness of breath that Robert might experience. In terms of patient education, Robert should be instructed to notify and seek attention in case of hypersensitive reaction (Martin-Loeches et al., 2010). Levoflaxone: It s a quilonone used to treat pneumococcal infections in case of penicillin resistant strains. The contraindications include hypersensitivity, diabetes, and renal disorders. The adverse effects that Robert may have include nausea, insomnia, diarrhea and headache. The nursing consideration for this are ensuring Robert not being allergic to quilonone compounds and should be run slowly to avoid stinging. The patient teaching must include informing Robert to refrain from taking vitamins and supplements long with the possible side effects (Postma et al., 2015). Psychosocial interventions for COPD: According to the case study, Robert has been suffering from Exacerbation of COPD and severe community acquired pneumonia which has is associated with suffering and restrictions which can eventually have a significant psychological burden on the patient. Psychosocial burden associated with co-mosbidities have been reported to have a huge impact on the recovery statistics and wellbeing of the patient, and can even alter the response of the patient to the treatment pathways. Administering psychotherapic intervention can help the patient overcome the issues effectively. The most common intervention is cognitive behavioral therapy which will help Robert deal with the stress. However another psycho social intervention is mindfulness based therapy, which is gaining popularity in case of such disorders as well according to Agusti (2014). Moreover, relaxing therapies like yoga and meditation sessions can also help Robert find strength to cope with the stress and regain control of his recovery with respect to the case study (Wong et al., 2014). 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